Fig. 4

Postnatal development and the microbiota affect the DNA methylation profile. a Multidimensional scaling analysis plot displaying the overall methylation profiles. b Venn plots showing the number of differentially methylated sites between CONV-R and GF at the three developmental stages. Note the high number of differentially methylated sites at W1. c Number of hypo- and hypomethylated sites among all DMPs (CONV-R vs GF) for each developmental stage. d Expression of Dnmt3a and Tet3 genes, which function in de novo methylation and demethylation, respectively. e Hierarchical clustering of differentially methylated sites between CONV-R and GF in the three developmental stages. Each row indicates a CpG site and the color scale represents the methylation level