From: Ethnic and diet-related differences in the healthy infant microbiome
 | White Caucasians | South Asians | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristicsa | |||
 Number per group | 173 | 182 |  |
 Maternal age in years (SD) | 31.9 (4.13) | 30.5 (4.03) | 0.002# |
 Maternal height (cm) | 166.3 (6.54)c | 161.5 (6.54)b | <0.001# |
 Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (if available) | 24.6 (4.65)c | 24.2 (4.51) | >0.05# |
 Maternal weight gain | 15.2 (5.73)f | 15.3 (8.99)b | >0.05# |
 Years mother lived in Canada (SD) | 29.5 (7.71)b | 7.7 (5.96) | <0.001# |
 Vegetarian status of mother N (%)‡ | 4 (2.31%) | 62 (34.07%)b | <0.001* |
 Gestational diabetes N (%) | 7 (4.05%)b | 26 (14.29%)b | <0.001* |
 Mode of delivery N (%) | |||
  Vaginal | 123 (82.00%)c | 121 (78.57%) | >0.05* |
  C-Section | 27 (18.00%)c | 33 (21.43%) | |
 Antibiotics during pregnancy | |||
  Yes | 14 (8.09%) | 1 (0.55%) | <0.001* |
  No | 159 (91.91%) | 181 (99.45%) | |
 Antibiotics during labor | |||
  Yes | 59 (38.06%)d | 79 (45.40%)b | 0.036* |
  No | 96 (61.94%)d | 95 (54.60%)b | |
Infant covariatesa | |||
 Currently breastfeeding at sample collection N | |||
  Yes | 56 (36.13%)b | 78 (43.33%)b | 0.036* |
  No | 99 (63.87%)b | 102 (56.67%)b | |
 Breastfed in the first year | |||
  Yes | 167 (97.1%)b | 170 (94.4%)b | >0.05* |
  No | 5 (2.9%)b | 10 (5.5%)b | |
 Time since weaning in months (SD) | 5.6 (4.02)f | 7.1 (5.85)f | 0.045# |
 Currently using cow’s milk | |||
  Yes | 68 (57.63%)e | 121 (67.98%)b | 0.019* |
  No | 50 (42.37%)e | 57 (32.02%)b | |
 Currently using formula | |||
  Yes | 47 (31.13%)d | 72 (39.56%) | 0.026* |
  No | 104 (68.87%)d | 110 (60.44%) | |
 Formula in the first year | |||
  Yes | 99 (63.06%)c | 154 (90.06%)c | <0.001* |
  No | 58 (36.94%)c | 17 (9.94%)c | |
 Time in months of introduction of solids | |||
  0–3 | 6 (4.03%)d | 2 (1.11%)b | <0.001§ |
  3–6 | 75 (50.34%)d | 159 (88.33%)b | |
  6–9 | 66 (44.30%)d | 17 (9.44%)b | |
  9–12 | 2 (1.34%)d | 2 (1.11%)b | |
 Birth weight in kg (SD) | 3.5 (0.47)c | 3.3 (0.48) | <0.001# |
 Weight gain in the first year in kg (SD) | 6.4 (1.21)c | 7.1 (1.31) | <0.001# |
 Age of infant at time of sample collection in months (SD) | 12.3 (1.71) | 12.4 (1.69) | 0.39# |
 Gestational age in weeks (SD) | 39.5 (1.33)b | 39.1 (1.36) | 0.006# |