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Table 1 Mother and infant characteristics

From: Ethnic and diet-related differences in the healthy infant microbiome

 

White Caucasians

South Asians

P value

Maternal characteristicsa

 Number per group

173

182

 

 Maternal age in years (SD)

31.9 (4.13)

30.5 (4.03)

0.002#

 Maternal height (cm)

166.3 (6.54)c

161.5 (6.54)b

<0.001#

 Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (if available)

24.6 (4.65)c

24.2 (4.51)

>0.05#

 Maternal weight gain

15.2 (5.73)f

15.3 (8.99)b

>0.05#

 Years mother lived in Canada (SD)

29.5 (7.71)b

7.7 (5.96)

<0.001#

 Vegetarian status of mother N (%)‡

4 (2.31%)

62 (34.07%)b

<0.001*

 Gestational diabetes N (%)

7 (4.05%)b

26 (14.29%)b

<0.001*

 Mode of delivery N (%)

  Vaginal

123 (82.00%)c

121 (78.57%)

>0.05*

  C-Section

27 (18.00%)c

33 (21.43%)

 Antibiotics during pregnancy

  Yes

14 (8.09%)

1 (0.55%)

<0.001*

  No

159 (91.91%)

181 (99.45%)

 Antibiotics during labor

  Yes

59 (38.06%)d

79 (45.40%)b

0.036*

  No

96 (61.94%)d

95 (54.60%)b

Infant covariatesa

 Currently breastfeeding at sample collection N

  Yes

56 (36.13%)b

78 (43.33%)b

0.036*

  No

99 (63.87%)b

102 (56.67%)b

 Breastfed in the first year

  Yes

167 (97.1%)b

170 (94.4%)b

>0.05*

  No

5 (2.9%)b

10 (5.5%)b

 Time since weaning in months (SD)

5.6 (4.02)f

7.1 (5.85)f

0.045#

 Currently using cow’s milk

  Yes

68 (57.63%)e

121 (67.98%)b

0.019*

  No

50 (42.37%)e

57 (32.02%)b

 Currently using formula

  Yes

47 (31.13%)d

72 (39.56%)

0.026*

  No

104 (68.87%)d

110 (60.44%)

 Formula in the first year

  Yes

99 (63.06%)c

154 (90.06%)c

<0.001*

  No

58 (36.94%)c

17 (9.94%)c

 Time in months of introduction of solids

  0–3

6 (4.03%)d

2 (1.11%)b

<0.001§

  3–6

75 (50.34%)d

159 (88.33%)b

  6–9

66 (44.30%)d

17 (9.44%)b

  9–12

2 (1.34%)d

2 (1.11%)b

 Birth weight in kg (SD)

3.5 (0.47)c

3.3 (0.48)

<0.001#

 Weight gain in the first year in kg (SD)

6.4 (1.21)c

7.1 (1.31)

<0.001#

 Age of infant at time of sample collection in months (SD)

12.3 (1.71)

12.4 (1.69)

0.39#

 Gestational age in weeks (SD)

39.5 (1.33)b

39.1 (1.36)

0.006#

  1. awhere there is no superscript there was no missing data
  2. bLess than 5.00% data missing
  3. cLess than 10.00% data missing
  4. d10–20% data missing
  5. e32% data missing
  6. f40–50% data missing
  7. *Fischer’s exact test
  8. §Cochrane Armitage trend test
  9. ‡Maternal vegetarian status was used as a surrogate for infant diet exposure
  10. # T-test