From: Epigenetic impact of infection on carcinogenesis: mechanisms and applications
Bacterium or virus | Cancer type | Tumor-suppressor genes methylated | Direct or indirect effect | Factors involved in induction of aberrant methylation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Helicobacter pylori | Gastric cancer | p16, LOX [39], miR-124a [47], miR-34b/c [48], ANGPTL4 [46], FHL1 [44] | Indirect | Inflammation |
Epstein-Barr virus | Gastric cancer | Direct and/or indirect | Latent membrane proteins | |
 | Nasopharyngeal cancer | Unknown | Unknown | |
 | Burkitt’s lymphoma | BIM, PRDM1 [84] | Unknown | Unknown |
Hepatitis B virus | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Direct and/or indirect | HBx and inflammation | |
Hepatitis C virus | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Indirect | Inflammation | |
Human papillomavirus | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | p16, CDH1, RARβ [115], MGMT [114], DAPK [113], DCC, GALR1, GALR2 | Unknown | Unknown |
 | Cervical cancer | Unknown | Unknown | |
Merkel cell polyomavirus | Merkel cell carcinoma | RASSF1A [161] | Unknown | Unknown |