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Table 1 Infection-associated cancers and aberrant DNA methylation

From: Epigenetic impact of infection on carcinogenesis: mechanisms and applications

Bacterium or virus

Cancer type

Tumor-suppressor genes methylated

Direct or indirect effect

Factors involved in induction of aberrant methylation

Helicobacter pylori

Gastric cancer

p16, LOX [39], miR-124a [47], miR-34b/c [48], ANGPTL4 [46], FHL1 [44]

Indirect

Inflammation

Epstein-Barr virus

Gastric cancer

p73 [72], TFF1 [73]

Direct and/or indirect

Latent membrane proteins

 

Nasopharyngeal cancer

DLC1 [79], DAPK [77], p15, p16, RASSF1A, TSLC1 [78]

Unknown

Unknown

 

Burkitt’s lymphoma

BIM, PRDM1 [84]

Unknown

Unknown

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatocellular carcinoma

p16 [97], p21, CDH1 [18], SOCS1 [103], RASSF1A, GSTP1 [98]

Direct and/or indirect

HBx and inflammation

Hepatitis C virus

Hepatocellular carcinoma

p16 [97], RASSF1A, GSTP1 [98], RIZ1 [103]

Indirect

Inflammation

Human papillomavirus

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

p16, CDH1, RARβ [115], MGMT [114], DAPK [113], DCC, GALR1, GALR2

Unknown

Unknown

 

Cervical cancer

p16, FHIT, GSTP1, MGMT [120], MAL [122], TSLC1 [123]

Unknown

Unknown

Merkel cell polyomavirus

Merkel cell carcinoma

RASSF1A [161]

Unknown

Unknown

  1. HBx HBV encoded protein X