From: Genomic and post-genomic analyses of human prion diseases
 |  | Relative levels in human prion disease compared to controls |  |  | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marker | Cellular function | CSF | Plasma | Reference | Notes |
α1-ACT | Serine proteinase inhibitor | ↑ sCJD | ↔ sCJD | [54] | Elevated in urine of sCJD and in plasma and CSF of AD |
 |  | ↑ sCJD | NT | [63] |  |
α-Tocopherol | Major lipophilic antioxidant | ↓ sCJD | ↔ sCJD | [64] | - |
Apolipoprotein | Components of high density lipoprotein in plasma. Participate in PrP clustering and sequestration | ↔ sCJD | NT | [65] | Over-expression of Apo-J in CJD brains and in urine of BSE orally-infected cattle |
 |  | ↑ vCJD compared to sCJD | NT | [66] |  |
 |  | ↑ sCJD (A1 and A4) | NT | [63] |  |
 |  | ↓ sCJD (Apo-J, Clusterin) | NT | [63] |  |
Ascorbate | Major hydrophilic antioxidant | ↓ sCJD | ↓ sCJD | [64] | - |
C-reactive protein | Markers for inflammation or tissue injury | NT | ↔ sCJD | [67] | - |
Cystatin C | A cysteine proteinase inhibitor, mostly synthesized in the CSF; it is also localized in glial cells and neurons | ↑ CJD (not specified) | NT | [68] | Gene is upregulated in the brain of sCJD; reported normal in AD patients |
 |  | ↑ sCJD | NT | [63] |  |
 |  | ↑ sCJD, ↔ vCJD | NT | [54] |  |
F2-isoprostanes | Markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo | ↑ sCJD, ↑ gCJD | NT | [48] | - |
 |  | ↔ vCJD | NT | [49] |  |
Gelsolin | Regulator of actin filament assembly | ↓ sCJD | NT | [63] | No difference between CJD and AD |
 |  | ↓ sCJD | NT | [46] |  |
H-FABP | Belonging to a family of small, highly conserved, cytosolic proteins involved in fatty acid transport and metabolism | ↑ sCJD, ↑ vCJD | ↑ sCJD, ↑ vCJD | [55] | CSF of CJD taken post-mortem while in controls taken from living individuals; plasma levels do not differ between CJD and AD |
 |  | ↑ sCJD | ↑ sCJD | [56] |  |
 |  | ↑ sCJD | NT | [69] |  |
Hp2-α haptoglobin | Binds hemoglobin for physiological degradation | ↑ sCJD | NT | [63] | - |
Interleukin 1β | Pro-inflammatory cytokine, involved in immune response | ↑ sCJD, ↑ vCJD | NT | [70] | - |
Interleukin 4 and 10 | Anti-inflammatory cytokine | ↑ sCJD | NT | [71] | Not altered in the brain of sCJD |
Interleukin 6 | Markers for inflammation or tissue injury | NT | ↔ sCJD | [67] | - |
Interleukin 8 | Chemokine with immunoreactive s propertie | ↑ sCJD | NT | [71] CJD | Increased in AD, but at a lower level than |
Lactic acid | End-product of anaerobic glycolysis | ↑ sCJD | NT | [72] | Produced by LDH action on pyruvate |
LDH | Catalyzes the interconversion between pyrvate and lactic acid | ↑ sCJD | NT | - | |
MDA | Marker of oxidative stress | ↔ sCJD | ↔ sCJD (serum) | [73] | Increased MDA has been reported in scrapie-infected mice |
PGE2 | Major arachidonic acid metabolite of the cyclooxygenase pathway | ↑ sCJD, ↑ gCJD | NT | [48] | Levels of PGE2 correlate with disease duration in sCJD |
 |  | ↑ vCJD |  | [49] |  |
TGF-β2 | Anti-inflammatory cytokine | ↓ sCJD | NT | [71] | Increased immunoreactivity in neurons of the neurocortex in 20 patients with human prion diseases |
TNF-α | Proinflammatory cytokine | ↑ sCJD, ↑ vCJD | NT | [70] | Gene is upregulated in the brain of sCJD patients |
 |  | Not detectable, sCJD | NT | [71] |  |
Transferrin | Iron carrier protein in the blood | ↑ sCJD | NT | [63] | Upregulated in sera of patients with AD |
 |  | ↑ sCJD | NT | [46] |  |
Ubiquitin | Involved in ATP-dependent selective degradation of cellular proteins, maintenance of chromatin structure, regulation of gene expression, stress response, and ribosome biogenesis. | ↑ sCJD | NT | [63] | Elevated levels in CSF of AD patients |
Uric acid | Non-enzymatic antioxidant in the brain | ↔ sCJD, ↓ vCJD | NT | [50] | Decreased level in the CSF in BSE-infected cattle |