| Regulationsa | Responsible agencies | Challenges for research collaboration and public participation |
---|---|---|---|
China | Interim Measures for the Administration of Human Genetic Resources (1998) [30] | Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Health | Public concerns about the misuse of genetic information |
 |  |  | Public distrust of authorities |
 | Regulations on Ethics Review of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (2007) [31] | Ministry of Health |  |
Indonesia | National Guideline on Research Ethics: Genetic Research (2008) | National Committee on Research Ethics | Protection of rights and privacy of indigenous populations |
 | National Regulation on Material Transfer Agreement (2009) | Ministry of Health | Need for more integrated approach on genome research |
 |  |  | Low public awareness on genetic information and related ELSI issues |
Japan | Ethical Guidelines for Human Genome/Gene Analysis Research (2001) | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Ministry of Economy, Industry and Trade | Public concerns about privacy protection in relation to genetic information |
 | Protection of Personal Information Act (2003) | Consumer Affairs Agency |  |
Singapore | Guidelines for IRBs (2004) | Bioethics Advisory Committee/Ministry of Health | Public concerns about potential discrimination, inequitable access and conflicts of interest |
 | Guidelines on Genetic Testing and Research (2005) | Bioethics Advisory Committee/Ministry of Health |  |
 | National Registries of Disease Act (2007) | National Registry of Diseases Office (NRDO) |  |
 | Guidelines on Use of Personal Information in Biomedical Research (2007) | Bioethics Advisory Committee/Ministry of Health |  |
 | Personal Data Protection Act (2012) | Data Protection Commission |  |
South Korea | Bioethics and Biosafety Act (2005) | National Bioethics Committee | Low public awareness of genomic medicine |
 | Personal Information Protection Act (2012) | Ministry of Public Administration and Security |  |
 | Guidelines for Protecting Genomic Information in Medical Institutions (2012) | Ministry of Public Administration and Security; Ministry of Health and Welfare |  |
 | Guidelines for Protecting Genomic Information (2013) | National Project for Personalized Genomic Medicine 21 (PGM21) [32] |  |
Taiwan | Guidelines for Collection and Use of Human Specimens for Research (2002) | Ministry of Health and Welfare | Insufficient public communication and trust |
 |  |  | Strict legal regulations due to privacy concerns from human right groups |
 | Regulations on Human Trials (2009) | Ministry of Health and Welfare |  |
 | Personal Information Protection Act (2010) | Ministry of Justice |  |
 | Human Biobank Management Act (2010) [33] | Ministry of Health and Welfare |  |
 | Human Subjects Research Act (2011) | Ministry of Health and Welfare |  |