Table 1 Clinical features, age of onset, lifetime prevalence and pharmacological management of major mental disorders
Disorder | Core features | Associated features | Typical age of onset (years) | Lifetime prevalence (%) | Pharmacological management |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD | InattentionHyperactivityImpulsivity | Cognitive impairment | 7 to 12 | 5 [5] | Psychostimulants (for example, methylphenidate) |
ASD | Deficits in social communication and social interaction Restricted and repetitive behaviors | Cognitive impairment Hallucinations Delusions | <3 | No recommended drug treatment Medication used to treat comorbidities if present | |
Schizophrenia | Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech or behavior Apathy Lack of emotional reactivity | Cognitive impairment Discrete episodes of elevated, irritable or agitated mood Episodes of low mood | 16 to 30 | 0.7 [9] | Antipsychotics (for example, risperidone) |
Bipolar disorder | Discrete episodes of elevated, irritable or agitated mood | Episodes of low mood Hallucinations Delusions | 18 to 40 | 1 [10] | Mood stabilizers (for example, lithium)Antipsychotics (for example, olanzapine) |
Major depressive disorder | Low mood Loss of interest or pleasure Lack of energy | Psychosis | 20 to 45 | 12.5 [10] | Antidepressants (for example, citalopram) |