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Table 1 Detected changes in selected cytokines in hepatocellular carcinoma and liver inflammation

From: From hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma: a proposed model for cross-talk between inflammation and epigenetic mechanisms

Cytokine

Upregulated or downregulated

Sample/material studied

References

TNFα

Up and down

Cirrhotic tissue, HCC patient serum, solid tumors

[31, 33, 38, 41, 42]

IL6

Up and down

Cirrhotic tissue, hepatitis C, HCC patient serum

[31–34, 40, 41, 43, 137]

IL1α

Up

HCC patient serum

[31, 33]

IL1β

Up

Cirrhotic tissue, HCC patient serum, solid tumors

[31, 33, 38, 42]

TGFβ

Up and down

Urine, HCC patient serum

[31, 36]

IL10

Up

Cirrhotic tissue, hepatitis B, HCC patient serum

[31, 32, 35, 37, 39, 60]

  1. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IL, interleukin; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.