Table 2 Description of metabolite clusters obtained from lipidomic (LC) or metabolomics (MC) platforms
From: Metabolome in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a general population-based study
Cluster name | Cluster size | Description | Examples of metabolites | Significant predictors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
LC1 | 112 | Major phospholipids, such as PC, lysoPC, SM | lysoPC(16:0), PC(34:2), SM(d18:1/16:0) | None |
LC2 | 48 | Mainly PUFA-containing PCs | PC(16:1/22:6), PC(18:1/20:4) | None |
LC3 | 11 | PUFA-containing PCs and PEs | PE(16:0/22:6), PC(18:0/22:6) | None |
LC4 | 15 | Short chain saturated TGs | TG(44:0), TG(16:0/16:0/16:0) | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 3.72, P = 0.0003), metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 6.00, P < 0.0001), daily use of cheese with high fat content (↑, t = 2.45, P = 0.016) |
LC5 | 31 | Mainly unidentified, includes short odd-chain TG | TG(43:0) | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 2.03, P = 0.045), metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 3.09, P = 0.003) |
LC6 | 21 | Odd-chain TGs, mainly saturated or monounsaturated | TG(47:0), TG(47:1) | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 2.27, P = 0.025), metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 4.14, P < 0.0001), daily use of cheese with high fat content (↑, t = 2.29, P = 0.024) |
LC7 | 20 | Mainly odd-chain TGs, longer fatty acids than LC5 and LC6 | TG(15:0/16:0/18:1), TG(51:2), TG(50:2), TG(16:0/16:0/18:1) | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 3.20, P = 0.002), metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 7.99, P < 0.0001), daily use of cheese with high fat content (↑, t = 2.06, P = 0.042) |
LC8 | 34 | Medium- and long-chain TGs | TG(18:1/16:0/18:1), TG(18:1/16:0/18:2), TG(18:1/18:1/18:1), TG(18:1/18:2/18:1) | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 3.08, P = 0.003), metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 7.04, P < 0.0001) |
LC9 | 17 | Longer-chain, SFA- and MUFA-containing TGs | TG(18:0/18:0/18:1), TG(18:1/18:0/18:1), TG(18:0/18:0/16:0) | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 4.23, P < 0.0001), metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 6.72, P < 0.0001), daily use of cheese with high fat content (↑, t = 2.93, P = 0.004), fasting time (↓, t = -1.98, P = 0.050) |
LC10 | 21 | PUFA containing long-chain TGs | TG(16:0/18:1/22:6), TG(56:8), TG(16:0/16:1/22:6), TG(58:9) | Metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 5.28, P < 0.0001) |
LC11 | 9 | Unknown lipids | Use of vegetable oils (↓, t = -2.61, P = 0.010), fasting time (↓, t = -2.06, P = 0.041) | |
LC12 | 7 | Unknown lipids | Use of vegetable oils (↓, t = -2.24, P = 0.027) | |
LC13 | 5 | Unknown lipids | None | |
MC1 | 34 | Sugars, sugar acids, urea metabolites | Allonic acid, myo-inositol, glycopyranose, urea | Metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 3.10, P = 0.002), fasting time (↓, t = -2.46, P = 0.015) |
MC2 | 18 | Ketone bodies, free fatty acids | Acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid | Schizophrenia (↓, t = -2.68, P = 0.009), affective psychosis (↓, t = -2.79, P = 0.006), antipsychotic use (↑, t = 2.45, P = 0.016) |
MC3 | 10 | Branched chain amino acids and other amino acids | Isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, ornithine, serine, methionine, threonine | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 2.03, P = 0.045) |
MC4 | 53 | Energy metabolites, various organic acids | Hippuric acid, glycine, succinic acid, fumaric acid, alpha-linolenic acid, adipic acid | Antipsychotic use (↓, t = -2.16, P = 0.033) |
MC5 | 38 | Amino acids, organic acids | Proline, glutamic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, pyruvic acid, alanine, lactic acid, alpha-hydroxybutyrate | Schizophrenia (↑, t = 2.35, P = 0.020), metabolic comorbidity (↑, t = 5.19, P < 0.0001), fasting time (↓, t = -2.34, P = 0.021) |
MC6 | 25 | Various organic acids | Arachidonic acid, aminomalonic acid, citric acid | None |
MC7 | 17 | Mainly unidentified carboxylic acids and alcohols | Beta-sitosterol | None |
MC8 | 6 | Lipid metabolites | 2-Monopalmitin | None |