Table 1 Demographic characteristics and mean values and χ2 testsa of variables related to metabolic comorbidity for persons with psychotic disorders and their matched controls
From: Metabolome in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a general population-based study
Schizophrenia | Other non-affective psychosis | Affective psychosis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Cases | Controls | P-value | Cases | Controls | P-value | Cases | Controls | P-value |
Age (years) | 53.7 (12.9) | 53.7 (12.9) | NS | 54.7 (14.3) | 54.7 (14.3) | NS | 54.7 (14.8) | 54.7 (14.9) | NS |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 19 | 19 | NS | 20 | 20 | NS | 23 | 23 | NS |
Female | 26 | 26 | 37 | 37 | 14 | 14 | |||
Antipsychotic medication use | |||||||||
Current | 34 (75.6%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | 24 (42.1%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | 8 (21.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.003 |
Atypical antipsychotics | 8 (17.0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Lifetime | 44 (97.8%) | NA | 50 (87.7%) | NA | 34 (91.9%) | NA | |||
Type 2 diabetes | 11 (24.4%) | 3 (6.7%) | 0.020 | 8 (14.0%) | 4 (7.0%) | NS | 0 (0%) | 3 (8.1%) | NS |
Metabolic syndrome | 19 (42.2%) | 13 (28.9%) | NS | 25 (43.9%) | 15 (26.3%) | 0.048 | 10 (27.0%) | 11 (29.7%) | NS |
Metabolic comorbidityb | 22 (48.9%) | 15 (33.3%) | NS | 33 (57.9%) | 21 (36.8%) | 0.024 | 14 (37.8%) | 14 (37.8%) | NS |
Daily smoking | 20 (44.4%) | 12 (26.7%) | NS | 17 (29.8%) | 15 (26.3%) | NS | 10 (27.0%) | 9 (24.3%) | NS |
Daily use of vegetables | 20 (45.5%)d | 32 (71.1%) | 0.014 | 23 (41.1%)d | 35 (61.4%) | 0.031 | 19 (51.4%) | 20 (54.1%) | NS |
Daily use of milk with high fat % | 20 (46.5%)e | 16 (36.4%) | NS | 21 (37.5%)d | 16 (28.6%)d | NS | 15 (40.5%) | 12 (32.4%) | NS |
Daily use of vegetable oils | 27 (62.8%)e | 31 (68.9%) | NS | 35 (61.4%)d | 42 (75.0%) | NS | 25 (67.6%) | 22 (59.5%) | NS |
Daily use of cheese with high fat content | 8 (19.1%)f | 33.3% (15) | NS | 16 (28.6%)d | 14 (25.0%)d | NS | 9 (24.3%) | 16 (43.2%) | NS |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.4 (5.8) | 26.1 (3.3) | NS | 28.8 (6.2) | 26.6 (3.9) | NS | 27.5 (3.7) | 26.4 (4.1) | NS |
Systolic blood pressure | 128.4 (20.1) | 134.3 (20.7) | NS | 131.6 (17.8) | 140.8 (25.4) | NS | 128.1 (18.8) | 135.4 (20.1) | NS |
Diastolic blood pressure | 79.8 (10.7) | 80.5 (12.0) | NS | 82.3 (10.5) | 82.7 (10.0) | NS | 79.9 (10.4) | 81.5 (9.9) | NS |
Plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 109.9 (31.9) | 97.2 (12.3) | 0.016 | 106.5 (42.5) | 101.6 (15.0) | NS | 97.0 (12.0) | 100.2 (14.6) | NS |
Serum cotinine (μg/l) | 216.2 (317.2) | 96.8 (207.1) | 0.030 | 151.4 (249.4) | 121.2 (253.5) | NS | 124.5 (234.2) | 150.4 (284.6) | NS |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dl)c | 226.0 (50.0) | 229.7 (37.9) | NS | 232.3 (41.6) | 224.7 (39.6) | NS | 230.0 (40.0) | 237.1 (37.0) | NS |
Serum HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 45.3 (13.5) | 54.5 (14.5) | 0.003 | 49.7 (14.3) | 51.6 (14.6) | NS | 45.0 (13.0) | 50.5 (16.7) | NS |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 197.4 (130.2) | 120.6 (55.2) | 0.006 | 156.5 (112.6) | 125.9 (81.2) | 0.044 | 151.4 (97.2) | 144.5 (85.0) | NS |
Serum insulin (μIU/ml) | 16.6 (19.6) | 7.6 (5.4) | <0.001 | 11.9 (12.4) | 8.4 (5.8) | NS | 9.6 (6.1) | 9.3 (7.2) | NS |
HOMA-IR | 4.81 (6.98) | 1.84 (1.28) | <0.001 | 4.19 (10.99) | 2.17 (1.74) | NS | 2.33 (1.53) | 2.42 (2.25) | NS |
Fasting time (hours) | 6.40 (4.17) | 7.13 (3.89) | NS | 9.29 (5.98) | 7.87 (4.23) | NS | 6.43 (3.98) | 8.37 (5.06) | NS |
Waist circumference (cm) | 98.8 (15.1) | 89.5 (11.7) | 0.003 | 97.4 (16.4) | 90.8 (12.4) | 0.037 | 97.4 (12.2) | 93.1 (12.6) | NS |
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 2.5 (2.8) | 1.7 (3.3) | 0.004 | 3.7 (4.9) | 2.2 (4.3) | 0.017 | 1.9 (2.9) | 1.0 (1.4) | NS |
BDI score | 13.5 (10.9) | 5.7 (4.4) | <0.001 | 14.9 (12.3) | 6.5 (6.1) | <0.001 | 11.1 ( 9.3) | 6.0 (5.6) | 0.029 |